Transmissions of unicast frames to client devices

ABSTRACT

An example system includes a transceiver. The transceiver communicates multicast frames to a plurality of client devices in a multicast group. The system further includes a controller. The controller determines that a predetermined time has passed since the transceiver most recently sent a unicast transmission to one of the plurality of client devices. The controller instructs the transceiver to transmit a unicast frame to the one of the plurality of client devices. The controller computes a data rate for the one of the plurality of client devices based on the transmission of the unicast frame to the one of the plurality of client devices.

BACKGROUND

A wireless access point (AP) may communicate with a plurality of clientdevices. The AP may be able to communicate at any of a variety of datarates. The AP may transmit unicast frames. As used herein, the term“unicast frame” refers to data that includes an address for a specificclient device. The AP may also transmit multicast frames. As usedherein, the term “multicast frame” refers to data that includes amulticast address identifying a multicast group. Any client devicesbelonging to the multicast group may detect the multicast address andprocess the corresponding frame.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of an environment containing asystem to determine a data rate for a client device in a multicastgroup.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another example of an environmentcontaining a system to determine a multicast data rate for clientdevices in a multicast group.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable mediumcontaining instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause theprocessor to generate updated transmission information.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another example of a computer-readablemedium containing instructions that, when executed by a processor, causethe processor to generate updated transmission information.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of a multicast rate selectiondevice to determine a multicast data rate.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another example of a multicast rateselection device to determine a multicast data rate.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an example of a method to determine a datarate for a client device in a multicast group.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of another example of a method to determine amulticast data rate for client devices in a multicast group.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An AP may adjust the data rate of unicast transmissions to a clientdevice based on channel conditions. When the client device successfullyreceives a unicast frame, it may transmit an acknowledgement frame(ACK). The AP may determine the channel conditions based on whether itreceives ACKs for frames transmitted to the client device. For example,the AP may maintain a packet error rate (PER) table that tracks whetherframes at various data rates were transmitted successfully. Based on thePER table, the AP may use a rate selection calculation to determinewhich data rate should be used to communicate unicast frames to theclient device.

The AP may transmit multicast frames to a plurality of client devicesbelonging to a multicast group. The plurality of client devices may nottransmit ACKs when multicast frames are transmitted successfully.Accordingly, the AP is not able to determine channel conditions based onthe success or failure of multicast transmissions. Various strategiesmay be used for selecting the data rate for transmitting multicastframes. In one example, a default rate is selected for transmittingmulticast frames. The default rate may be a minimum possible data rateor just above the minimum possible data rate. The low data rate mayensure that all client devices capable of receiving transmissions canreceive the multicast transmissions. However, the default rate fails totake advantage of higher data rates when all client devices can supportthe higher data rates, and the channel capacity quickly becomessaturated by even a single, small data stream (e.g., a low quality videostream may occupy most or all of the channel capacity when using a 2 or6 Megabit per second (Mbps) data rate).

In another example, the AP transmits all multicast traffic using unicastframes for each client device in the multicast group. The AP may use ahigher rate for each client device and may retransmit unacknowledgedframes. However, as the number of client devices increases, the channelcapacity becomes saturated even when communicating at higher data rates(e.g., high definition (HD) video may occupy most of, all of, or evenexceed the channel capacity when being transmitted to an auditoriumfilled with students).

In still another example, the AP determines a unicast data rate for eachclient device based on unicast transmissions to each client device(e.g., whether the unicast transmissions were acknowledged). Themulticast data rate can be determined based on the unicast data rates ofthe individual client devices. However, a rate selection calculation fordetermining a unicast data rate may decrease the unicast data rate ifthere have been no recent transmissions of unicast frames. For example,the rate selection calculation may age out old transmission informationand gradually decrease the rate due to the lack of information. Often, aclient device in the multicast group will not have sufficient unicasttraffic to prevent its calculated unicast data rate from declining,thereby dragging down the multicast data rate for the entire group.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of an environment 100 containinga system 105 to determine a data rate for a client device 132 in amulticast group. The system 105 may include a transceiver 110 tocommunicate multicast frames to a plurality of client devices 132, 134,136 in a multicast group. As used herein, the term “transceiver” refersto hardware (e.g., analog or digital circuitry) to modulate anddemodulate electromagnetic waves. The transceiver may, but does notnecessarily, include an antenna. In one example, the transceiver 110communicates the multicast frames to the plurality of client devices132, 134, 136 by transmitting a wireless signal that can be detected byany devices near the transceiver 110. A device near the transceiver maydetermine the intended recipient by reading a destination address in thetransmitted frames and determining whether the transmitted frames areaddressed to the device or to a multicast group to which the devicebelongs. In the illustrated example, the transceiver 110 communicateswith three client devices, but in other examples, the transceiver 110may communicate with tens, hundreds, or more client devices.

The system 105 may also include a controller 120 able to communicatewith the transceiver 110. As used herein, the terms “controller” and“component” refer to a combination of hardware (e.g., a processor suchas an integrated circuit or other circuitry) or software (e.g.,programming such as machine- or processor-executable instructions,commands, or code such as firmware, programming, or object code). Acombination of hardware or software includes hardware only (i.e., ahardware element with no software elements such as an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC)), software hosted at hardware (e.g.,a software module that is stored at a processor-readable memory such asrandom access memory (RAM), a hard-disk or solid-state drive, resistivememory, or optical media such as a digital versatile disc (DVD), and/orexecuted or interpreted by a processor), or hardware and software hostedat hardware. A controller or component may include multiple processors,such as a microprocessor and a field programmable gate array (FPGA),that each performs some operations of the controller or component.

The controller 120 may determine that a predetermined time has passedsince the transceiver most recently sent a unicast transmission to aclient device 132. For example, the predetermined time may correspond tothe time for information to be aged out by a rate selection calculation.The controller 120 may measure the time since a last unicasttransmission to the client device 132 to determine when the unicasttransmission will be aged out by the rate selection calculation, so therate selection calculation is not required to separately report whenclient devices will age out.

The controller 120 may instruct the transceiver 110 to transmit aunicast frame to the client device 132. The controller 120 may generatethe unicast frame to be provided to the client device 132. In oneexample, the controller 120 may include a transmit queue containing datato be transmitted by the transceiver 110. The controller 120 mayinstruct the transceiver 110 to transmit the unicast frame by insertingthe unicast frame into the transmit queue. The predetermined time sincea most recent unicast transmission may be a predetermined time since themost recent controller generated unicast frame, since the most recentunicast frame not generated by the controller 120, since any unicastframe whether generated or not generated by the controller 120, or thelike.

The controller 120 may compute a data rate for the client device 132based on the transmission of the unicast frame to the client device 132.For example, the controller 120 may update a PER table with anindication of whether an ACK was received in response to thetransmission. The rate selection calculation may determine the data ratefor the client device based on the updated PER table.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another example of an environment 200containing a system 205 to determine a multicast data rate for clientdevices 232, 234, 236 in a multicast group. The system 205 may include atransceiver 210 to communicate with the plurality of client devices 232,234, 236 in the multicast group. The system 205 may also include acontroller 220 able to communicate with the transceiver 210.

The controller 220 may include a unicast generation component 221, amulticast rate selection component 222, and a unicast rate selectioncomponent 223. The multicast rate selection component 222 may determinethat a predetermined time has passed since the transceiver 210 mostrecently sent a unicast transmission to a client device 232. The unicastgeneration component 221 may instruct the transceiver 221 to transmit aunicast frame to the client device 232. The unicast rate selectioncomponent 223 may compute a unicast data rate for the client device 232based on the transmission of the unicast frame to the client device 232.

The multicast rate selection component 222 may also determine a datarate for multicast frames transmitted to the plurality of client devices232, 234, 236. For example, the multicast rate selection component 222may determine a lowest data rate among computed data rates of theplurality of client devices 232, 234, 236 in the multicast group. Themulticast rate selection component 222 may receive the unicast data ratefor each client device 232, 234, 236 and determine which of the receivedunicast data rates is the lowest. The multicast rate selection component222 may instruct the transceiver 210 to transmit multicast frames to theplurality of client devices 232, 234, 236 at the lowest data rate.

The unicast generation component 221 may determine which client devices232, 234, 236 are in the multicast group by snooping messages to joinand leave the multicast group. The client device 232, 234, 236 mayindicate to a source 240 of the multicast traffic whether they wouldlike to join or leave the multicast group. The unicast generationcomponent 221 may snoop the join and leave messages while the messagesare in transit to the source 240 to detect which client devices 232,234, 236 are in the multicast group. Alternatively, the unicastgeneration component 221 or multicast rate selection component 222 mayreceive an indication of the multicast group members from the source 240or another component (e.g., another component snooping join and leavemessages). The unicast generation component 221 may indicate themulticast group members to the multicast rate selection component 222.The multicast rate selection component 222 may determine for each memberof the multicast group whether the predetermined time has passed sincethe sending of a most recent unicast transmission to that member.

The unicast generation component 221 may generate the unicast frames tobe transmitted to the client devices 232, 234, 236 by the transceiver210. In one example, the unicast generation component 221 may generatethe unicast frame by including a payload of a multicast frame in theunicast frame. Alternatively, the unicast generation component 221 maygenerate a dummy unicast frame that includes an alternative payload,such as an empty payload, a predetermined payload, a payload that mimicsexpected multicast traffic, a random payload, or the like. Using apayload from a multicast frame or one similar to the payload from amulticast frame may provide a more accurate indication to a unicast rateselection component 223 of the channel conditions that will beexperienced by multicast frames. The unicast generation component 221may instruct the transceiver 210 to transmit the multicast frame as wellas the unicast frame generated therefrom. Alternatively, the unicastgeneration component 221 may transmit unicast frames to every clientdevice 232, 234, 236 without transmitting a multicast frame when asingle client device 232 needs to receive a unicast frame.

In the illustrated example, the controller 220 includes a unicast rateselection component 223. The unicast rate selection component 223 maydetermine a data rate for each client device 232, 234, 236 that is usedwhen communicating a unicast frame to that client device 232, 234, 236.For example, the unicast rate selection component 223 may include a PERtable, a rate selection calculation, or the like to determine the datarates. In alternate examples, the controller 220 may not include theunicast rate selection component 223, which may instead be a unicastrate selection device separate from the controller 220.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium300 containing instructions that, when executed by a processor 302,cause the processor 302 to generate updated transmission information.The computer-readable medium 300 may be a non-transitory computerreadable medium, such as a volatile computer readable medium (e.g.,volatile RAM, a processor cache, a processor register, etc.), anon-volatile computer readable medium (e.g., a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, a paper storage device, flash memory,read-only memory, non-volatile RAM, etc.), and/or the like. Theprocessor 302 may be a general purpose processor or special purposelogic, such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, amicrocontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable array logic (PAL), aprogrammable logic array (PLA), a programmable logic device (PLD), etc.

The computer-readable medium 300 may include an update transmissioninformation determination module 310. As used herein, a module (in someexamples referred to as a software module) is a set of instructions thatwhen executed or interpreted by a processor or stored at aprocessor-readable medium realizes a component or performs a method. Theupdate transmission information determination module 310 may cause theprocessor 302 to determine that a unicast rate selection device (notshown) is to receive updated transmission information for a clientdevice in a multicast group. For example, the update transmissioninformation determination module 310 may cause the processor 302 todetermine that transmission information for the client device is aboutto age out of the unicast rate selection device or has already done so.The update transmission information determination module 310 may causethe processor 302 to determine that a unicast frame should betransmitted to the client device to generate the updated transmissioninformation for the unicast rate selection device.

A transmission timing determination module 320 may cause the processor302 to determine when to transmit a unicast transmission to the clientdevice to generate the updated transmission information. Thetransmission timing determination module 320 may cause the processor 302to determine the unicast transmission should be transmitted immediately,determine the unicast transmission should be transmitted when a nextmulticast packet is received, determine the timing based on queueoccupancy, based on a sleep state of the client device, or the like. Thetransmission timing determination module 320 may cause the processor 302to determine when to transmit the unicast transmission by causing theprocessor 302 to determine when to insert a unicast frame into atransmit queue.

A unicast frame generation module 330 may cause the processor 302 togenerate a unicast frame for transmission to the client device. Theunicast frame generation module 330 may cause the processor 302 togenerate the unicast frame when the unicast transmission should betransmitted to the client device. Alternatively, the unicast framegeneration module 330 may cause the processor 302 to generate theunicast frame when the update transmission information determinationmodule 310 determines that updated transmission information is neededand transmission may be delayed until the appropriate time. The unicastframe generation module 330 may cause the processor 302 to generate adummy unicast frame, may generate the frame by converting a multicastframe to a unicast frame, or the like.

The unicast frame generation module 330 may cause the processor 302 toinsert the generated unicast frame into a transmit queue fortransmission to the client device. The transmission information may beupdated based on whether the client device responds with an ACK. Theunicast rate selection device may determine whether an ACK was receivedwithout the computer-readable medium 300 causing the processor 302 todetermine whether an ACK was received. Referring to FIG. 2, the updatetransmission information determination module 310, the transmissiontiming determination module 320, or the unicast frame generation module330, when executed by the processor 302, may realize a unicastgeneration component 221.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another example of a computer-readablemedium 400 containing instructions that, when executed by a processor402, cause the processor 402 to generate updated transmissioninformation. The computer-readable medium 400 may include an informationupdate determination module 410 that causes a processor 402 to determinethat a unicast rate selection device (not shown) is to receive updatedtransmission information for a client device in multicast group. Theinformation update determination module 410 may include a rate selectioninterface module 412. The rate selection interface module 412 may causethe processor 402 to receive an indication that the client device is toreceive a unicast transmission (i.e., an indication the unicast rateselection device is to receive updated transmission information for theclient device). For example, a unicast or multicast rate selectiondevice may provide the indication that the client device is to receivethe unicast transmission (e.g., transmit the indication to the rateselection interface module 412, store the indication in a persistent ornon-persistent storage location accessible by the rate selectioninterface module 412, etc.).

In the illustrated example, the information update determination module410 also includes a patterned client selection module 414. In otherexamples, the information update determination module may include one ofthe rate selection interface module 412 and the patterned clientselection module 414. The patterned client selection module 414 mayselect a client device to receive a unicast transmission based on apredetermined pattern for selecting client devices (i.e., a clientdevice for which the rate selection device is to receive updatedtransmission information). The predetermined pattern may include a roundrobin scheme for transmitting unicast transmissions, a pattern selectedbased on a unicast data rate for each client device, or the like.

The computer-readable medium 400 may include a transmission timingdetermination module 420 that causes a processor 402 to determine whento transmit a unicast transmission to the client device. Thetransmission timing determination module 420 may include a queueoccupancy determination module 422 that causes the processor 402 todetermine whether an occupancy of a transmit queue for multicast framesis above a predetermined threshold. When the occupancy is above thepredetermined threshold, the transmission timing determination module420 may delay the unicast transmission. The queue occupancydetermination module 422 may cause the processor 402 to detect when thequeue occupancy has dropped below the predetermined threshold. When theoccupancy drops below the predetermined threshold, the transmissiontiming determination module 420 may cause the processor 402 to determinethat the unicast transmission should be transmitted to the clientdevice.

The transmission timing determination module 420 may include a clientsleep state determination module 424. The client sleep statedetermination module 424 may cause the processor 402 to determinewhether the client device is sleeping. The client sleep statedetermination module 424 may also cause the processor 402 to determinewhen the client device will wake up. The transmission timingdetermination module 420 may cause the processor 402 to determine whenthe unicast transmission should be transmitted based on when the clientdevice will wake up. Before the client device wakes up, the informationupdate determination module 410 may cause the processor 402 to determinethat the client device is to receive additional unicast transmissions togenerate the updated transmission information for the client device(e.g., additional unicast transmissions at various data rates). Thetransmission timing determination module 420 may cause the processor 402to determine that the unicast transmissions should be transmitted inbulk when the client device wakes up.

The computer-readable medium 400 may include a unicast frame generationmodule 430 that causes the processor 402 to generate a unicast frame fortransmission to the client device. The unicast frame generation module430 may include a multicast frame conversion module 432 that causes theprocessor 402 to convert multicast frames to unicast frames fortransmission to the client device. For example, if the transmissiontiming determination module 420 causes the processor 402 to determinethat a plurality of unicast transmissions should be transmitted in bulkwhen the client device wakes up, the multicast frame conversion module432 may cause the processor 402 to convert the plurality of multicastframes to unicast frames for transmission to the client device when theclient device wakes up. The multicast frame conversion module 432 mayconvert a multicast frame by generating a unicast frame containing apayload from the multicast frame. The original multicast frame may stillbe transmitted after conversion, or the multicast frame may bediscarded.

The unicast frame generation module 430 may cause the processor 402 toset a quality of service parameter for the unicast frame. The unicastframe generation module 430 may cause the processor 402 to set thequality of service parameter to a value that limits the number ofretransmissions attempted so as to reduce the channel capacity utilizedby generated unicast frames. For example, the unicast frame generationmodule 430 may cause the processor 402 to set the quality of serviceparameter to a quality of service value for video rather than a besteffort quality of service. In one example, the unicast frame generationmodule 430 may cause the processor 402 to set an internet protocol typeof service (TOS) field to a value corresponding to a video quality ofservice.

The computer-readable medium 400 may include a unicast conversiondetermination module 440. The unicast conversion determination module440 may cause the processor 402 to determine whether all multicastframes should be converted to unicast frames for every client device inthe multicast group. For example, a video application may require a lowpacket drop ratio, such as less than one percent. Unicast transmission,which allows for retransmission of unacknowledged frames, is preferablefor such an application when there is sufficient channel capacity. Theunicast conversion determination module 440 may cause the processor 402to determine whether to convert the multicast frames to unicast framesbased on predetermined criteria. The predetermined criteria may includea size of the multicast group (i.e., a number of client devicesreceiving multicast frames), a data rate for each client device in themulticast group, an amount of the channel capacity that would beoccupied if conversion to unicast frames was performed, or the like.

In the illustrated example, the unicast conversion determination module440 includes a multicast group size determination module 442. Themulticast group size determination module 442 may cause the processor402 to determine whether a size of the multicast group has dropped belowa predetermined threshold. If so, the unicast frame generation module430 and multicast frame conversion module 432 may cause the processor402 to convert each multicast frame to unicast frames for each clientdevice. The original multicast frames may be discarded withouttransmission after conversion. Referring to FIG. 2, the informationupdate determination module 410, the transmission timing determinationmodule 420, the unicast frame generation module 430, or the unicastconversion determination module 440, when executed by the processor 402,may realize a unicast generation component 221.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of a multicast rate selectiondevice 500 to determine a multicast data rate. The multicast rateselection device 500 may include a rate selection interface component510. The rate selection interface component 510 may receive anindication of a unicast data rate for each of a plurality of clientdevice from a unicast rate selection device (not shown). The unicastrate selection device may determine a unicast data rate for each clientdevice based on transmissions to that client device. The rate selectioninterface component 510 may receive the indications of the unicast datarates by requesting the indications of the unicast data rates, byreading them from a storage device, by periodically receivingunsolicited indications of the unicast data rates, or the like.

The multicast rate selection device 500 may include a multicast datarate determination component 520. The multicast data rate determinationcomponent 520 may determine a multicast data rate at which multicastframes will be transmitted. The multicast data rate determinationcomponent 520 may determine the multicast data rate based onpredetermined criteria. For example, the multicast data ratedetermination component 520 may determine the multicast data rate basedon the unicast data rates for the plurality of client devices (e.g., aminimum, maximum, mean, median, mode, etc. data rate of the plurality ofclient devices, of a subset of the plurality of client devices, or thelike.)

The multicast rate selection device 500 may include an aged clientdevice indication component 530. The aged client device indicationcomponent 530 may include an aged client device determination component532. The aged client device determination component 532 may determinewhether transmission information for any of the client devices should beupdated in the unicast rate selection device. For example, the agedclient device determination component 532 may determine whether apredetermined time has passed since a last unicast transmission was sentto one of the plurality of client devices.

If the aged client device determination component 532 determines thattransmission information for one of the plurality of client devicesshould be updated (e.g., that the predetermined time has passed), theaged client device indication component 530 may set an indication thatthe one of the plurality of client devices is to receive a unicastframe. The aged client device indication component 530 may set theindication by saving the indication to persistent or non-persistentstorage (e.g., adjusting a state variable in a data structure for theclient device), transmitting the indication, or the like. For example,the aged client device indication component 530 may transmit theindication to a unicast generation device (e.g., a device that includesthe unicast generation component 221), store the indication in alocation accessible by the unicast generation device (e.g., a datastructure accessible by the unicast generation device), or the like.Referring to FIG. 2, the rate selection interface component 510, themulticast data rate determination component 520, or the aged clientdevice indication component 530 may realize a multicast rate selectioncomponent 222.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another example of a multicast rateselection device 600 to determine a multicast data rate. The multicastrate selection device 600 may include a rate selection interfacecomponent 610 to receive an indication of a data rate for each of aplurality of client devices. The multicast rate selection device 600 mayinclude a unicast generation interface component 640 to communicate witha unicast generation device. The multicast rate selection device 600 mayalso include a multicast data rate determination component 620 todetermine a multicast data rate.

The unicast generation interface component 640 may include a groupindication interface 642 to receive an indication of client devices thatbelong to a multicast group. The plurality of client device for whichindications of data rates were received may include some or all of theclient devices that belong to the multicast group. The multicast datarate determination component 620 may include a lowest rate selectioncomponent 622. The lowest rate selection component 622 may determine thelowest data rate among the indicated data rates of the client devicesthat belong the multicast group. The multicast data rate determinationcomponent 620 may determine the multicast data rate by setting themulticast data rate as the lowest data rate.

The unicast generation interface component 640 may include aninter-packet arrival time (IAT) interface component 644 to receive anindication of an average IAT for packets containing data for themulticast group. For example, the unicast generation device maydetermine the average IAT by measuring and averaging the time betweenarrivals of multicast packets. The IAT interface component 644 mayreceive the average IAT from the unicast generation device. Themulticast data rate determination component 620 may include a queuebased rate selection component 624 to calculate, based on the averageIAT, a lowest data rate that prevents multicast frames from beingdropped from a transmit queue. The multicast data rate determinationcomponent 620 may determine how quickly the transmit queue will fillbased on the average IAT. The multicast data rate determinationcomponent 620 may determine the multicast data rate by setting themulticast data rate at least as high as the lowest data rate thatprevents multicast frames from being dropped from the transmit queue. Inone example, the multicast data rate determination component 620 may setthe multicast data rate as the greater of the lowest data rate among theclient devices in the multicast group and the lowest data rate thatprevents multicast frames from being dropped from the transmit queue.

The multicast rate selection device 600 may include an aged clientdevice indication component 630. The aged client device indicationcomponent 630 may include an aged client device determination component632 to determine that a predetermined time has passed since a lastunicast transmission was sent to one of the plurality of client devices.The aged client device indication component 630 may set an indicationthat the one of the plurality of client devices is to receive a unicastframe.

The aged client device indication component 630 may include a refreshinterval determination component 634 to determine a refresh intervalafter which a client device will have its unicast data rate graduallydegraded by a unicast rate selection device if no updated transmissioninformation has been received in the meantime (i.e., if no unicastframes have been sent in the meantime). The refresh intervaldetermination component 634 may determine the refresh interval byreceiving an indication of the refresh interval from the unicast rateselection device, by reading a stored indication of the refreshinterval, or the like.

The aged client device indication component 630 may include an agingtime calculation component 636 to calculate the predetermined time usedto determine if updated transmission information is needed for any ofthe client devices. In one example, the aging time calculation component636 may calculate the predetermined time based on the difference betweenthe refresh interval and the average IAT (e.g., the predetermined timemay equal the difference between the refresh interval and the averageIAT, may equal the difference between the refresh interval and theaverage IAT plus or minus an offset, etc.). By including the average IATin the calculation, there may be sufficient time to wait for a multicastframe to arrive so that it can be converted to a unicast frame withoutthe data rate of a client device being degraded during the wait.Referring to FIG. 2, the rate selection interface component 610, themulticast data rate determination component 620, the aged client deviceindication component 630, or the unicast generation interface component640 may realize a multicast rate selection component 222.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an example of a method 700 to determine adata rate for a client device in a multicast group. At block 702, themethod 700 may include determining that a predetermined time has passedsince sending a unicast transmission to a client device. For example, anindication of when a most recent unicast transmission was sent may bedetermined by a unicast rate selection component. The time since themost recent unicast transmission may be compared to the current time todetermine if the predetermined time has passed. In an exampleimplementation, the multicast rate selection component 222 of FIG. 2 maydetermine that the predetermined time has passed.

At block 704, the method 700 may include transmitting a unicast frame tothe client device. Transmitting the unicast frame to the client devicemay include generating the unicast frame. Generating the unicast framemay include creating a dummy unicast frame, converting a multicast frameto a unicast frame, or the like. The generated unicast frame may betransmitted to the client device, and the multicast frame may betransmitted to the multicast group. For example, referring to FIG. 2,the unicast generation component 221 may instruct the transceiver 210 totransmit the unicast frame to the client device.

At block 706, the method 700 may include computing a data rate based onthe transmission of the unicast frame. If the transmitted unicast framewas successfully received by the client device, the client device maytransmit an ACK. Transmission information for the client device may beupdated based on whether the ACK was received and the data rate of theunicast frame that was transmitted. A rate selection calculation may beused to compute the data rate based on the PER at a plurality of datarates. For example, the unicast rate selection component 223 of FIG. 2may compute the data rate.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of another example of a method 800 to determinea multicast data rate for client devices in a multicast group. Themethod 800 may include a block 802 to determine client devices in amulticast group by snooping messages to join and leave the group. Theclient devices may send messages to join or leave the multicast group toa source of the multicast data. For example, the client devices may sendInternet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) messages to join or leave themulticast group. The messages may be monitored to determine which clientdevices are in the multicast group. In an example implementation, theunicast generation component 221 of FIG. 2 may determine which clientdevices are in the multicast group.

At block 804, the method 800 may include determining that apredetermined time has passed since sending a unicast transmission to aclient device. For example, the multicast rate selection component 222may determine the predetermined time has passed. At block 806, themethod 800 may include generating a unicast frame by including a payloadof a multicast frame in a unicast frame. A unicast frame headerspecifying the client device as a destination may be combined with thepayload (e.g., higher layer signaling or data) from the multicast frameto generate the unicast frame. At block 808, the method 800 may includetransmitting the unicast frame to the client device. In an exampleimplementation, the unicast generation component 221 of FIG. 2 mayinclude the payload of the multicast frame in the unicast frame and mayinstruct the transceiver 210 to transmit the unicast frame to the clientdevice.

At block 810, the method 800 may include computing a data rate based onthe transmission of the unicast frame. For example, the data rate may bedetermined based on whether the transmission was successful. Referringto FIG. 2, the unicast rate selection component 223 may compute the datarate. At block 812, the method 800 may include determining a lowest datarate among computed data rates for client devices in the multicastgroup. The data rates of the client devices in the multicast group maybe compared to one another to determine which is the lowest. At block814, the method 800 may include communicating multicast frames to theclient devices in the multicast group at the lowest data rate. In theillustrated example, the multicast frames are communicated at the lowestdata rate. In other examples, there may be a minimum data rate requiredto communicate the multicast data, and the multicast frames may becommunicated at the greater of the minimum data rate required tocommunicate the multicast data and the lowest data rate among data ratesof client devices in the multicast group. In an example implementation,the multicast rate selection component 222 of FIG. 2 may determine thelowest rate and may instruct the transceiver 210 to communicate themulticast frames at the lowest data rate.

The above description is illustrative of various principles andimplementations of the present disclosure. Numerous variations andmodifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once theabove disclosure is fully appreciated. Accordingly, the scope of thepresent application should be determined only by the following claims.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A system, comprising: a transceiver to communicatemulticast frames to client devices in a multicast group; and acontroller configured to: determine that a predetermined time has passedsince the transceiver most recently sent a unicast transmission to oneof the client devices; determine an expected multicast traffic; generatea dummy unicast frame having a payload that mimics the expectedmulticast traffic; instruct the transceiver to transmit the dummyunicast frame to the client devices; and compute a multicast data ratefor the one of the client devices based on the transmission of the dummyunicast frame to the one of the client devices.
 17. The system of claim16, wherein the controller is to: determine a lowest data rate for theclient devices; and instruct the transceiver to communicate themulticast frames to the client devices at the determined lowest datarate.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the controller is to determinethe client devices in the multicast group by snooping messages to joinand leave the multicast group.
 19. The system of claim 16, wherein thecontroller is to include a payload of a multicast frame in the unicastframe.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the controller is to instructthe transceiver to transmit the multicast frame to the multicast group.21. A method, comprising: determining, by a processor, that apredetermined time has passed since a transceiver most recently sent aunicast transmission to a client device in a multicast group;determining, by the processor, an expected multicast traffic;generating, by the processor, a dummy unicast frame having a payloadthat mimics the expected multicast traffic; instructing, by theprocessor, the transceiver to transmit the dummy unicast frame to theclient device; and computing, by the processor, a multicast data ratefor the one of the client devices based on the transmission of the dummyunicast frame to the one of the client devices.
 22. The method of claim21, further comprising: determining a lowest data rate for the pluralityof client devices; and instructing the transceiver to communicate themulticast frames to the plurality of client devices at the determinedlowest data rate.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the the multicastgroup is determined by snooping messages to join and leave the multicastgroup.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the unicast frame includes apayload of a multicast frame.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein thetransceiver is instructed to transmit the multicast frame to themulticast group.
 26. A system, comprising: a transceiver to communicatemulticast frames to client devices in a multicast group; and acontroller configured to: determine that a predetermined time has passedsince the transceiver most recently sent a unicast transmission to oneof the client devices; determine whether to convert multicast frames tounicast frames based on a size of the multicast group, a data rate ofthe client devices, and an amount of channel capacity, occupied if themulticast frames were converted to the unicast frames; based on thedetermination of whether to convert the multicast frames: instruct thetransceiver to transmit a unicast frame to the one of the clientdevices; and update a data rate for the one of the plurality of clientdevices based on the transmission of the unicast frame to the one of theclient devices.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the controller is todetermine the plurality of client devices in the multicast group bysnooping messages to join and leave the multicast group.
 28. The systemof claim 26, wherein the controller is to include a payload of amulticast frame in the unicast frame.